Agroecological Screening of Copper Alternatives for the Conservation of Soil Health in Organic Olive Production

The efficacy of soil conditioner (vermicompost tea), fertiliser (potassium silicate), and biological control agents (BCAs) as practical agroecological copper alternatives against olive leaf spot (Spilocaea oleaginea (Cast.) Hughe.) disease was investigated between 2018 2021 under organic management in a Mediterranean climate. In total, 9 to oxychloride tea, potassium silicate, Bacillus subtilis EU 007 WP, Platanus orientalis extract, Mycorrhiza mix, seaweed commercial product, Trichoderma citrinoviride TR1, vermicompost tea+Platanus Penicillium (Mouldy bread pieces)) were applied trees randomised block design with 4 replicationsTotal water soluble phenol compounds (TWSP) found be the main bioindicator assess their potential phase-out application. Results related TWSP indicated that (control), silicate tea showed significantly higher content we compared zero application other treatments. These stimulate antioxidant capacity fruits reduce incidence. pollution effect monitored during trial identify in-conversion experimental land. total annual ‘active copper’ 4.7 kg.ha−1.year−1 this is accordance legal legislation Turkey. During conversion period from conventional management, determined approximately 50% reduced 0–30 cm depth samples 2020 (3.70 mg.kg−1) it those initial (6.43 2018. We conclude are easily accessible, e.g., have for use production replace mitigating spots. Furthermore, find aim decrease accumulation soil, leaves not yet enough satisfactory levels. further research replacement fungicide treatments non-organic systems needed.